The+Skeletal+System

This Skeletal system is located throughout the entire body. This system has many roles, one of the main ones being support of our structure. The Skeleton helps us maintain our shape and stand up straight. Without our skeleton we would be a big pile of nothing but skin organs and blood. The skeletal system also helps us breathe because when we take in a breath the ribs expand allowing us to take in the oxygen we need. When we exhale the ribs contract causing the air to be “pushed” out and the process continues over and over again. Our skeletal system is also there to help protect some organs. The rib cage protects the heart and lungs from injuries and shock that might damage them. The ribs also protect the stomach, spleen, kidneys, and give the chest its familiar shape. There are three different types of ribs, the true, false and floating all of which are connected to the spine. The ribs consist of 24 bones arranged in 12 pairs. The main purpose of the skull is protection of the brain. Skull is composed of 8 cranial and fourteen facial bones. The cranial bones make up the protective frame of bone around the brain. The facial bones make up the upper and lower jaw and facial structures.
 * The Skeletal System**
 * Functions**
 * Its 206 bones form a rigid framework to which the softer tissues and organs of the body are attached. **
 * Vital organs are protected by the skeletal system. The brain is protected by the surrounding skull as the heart and lungs are encased by the sternum and rib cage. **
 * Bodily movement is carried out by the interaction of the muscular and skeletal systems. For this reason, they are often grouped together as the musculo-skeletal system. Muscles are connected to bones by tendons . Bones are connected to each other by ligaments . Where bones meet one another is typically called a ****. Muscles which cause movement of a joint are connected to two different bones and contract to pull them together. An example would be the contraction of the biceps and a relaxation of the triceps. This produces a bend at the elbow. The contraction of the triceps and relaxation of the biceps produces the effect of straightening the arm. **
 * Blood cells are produced by the marrow located in some bones. An average of 2.6 million red blood cells are produced each second by the bone marrow to replace those worn out and destroyed by the liver. **
 * Bones serve as a storage area for minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. When an excess is present in the blood, buildup will occur within the bones. When the supply of these minerals within the blood is low, it will be withdrawn from the bones to replenish the supply. **

**The joints between bones of the skull are immovable and called sutures. The parietal bones are joined by the ****sagittal **** suture. Where the parietal bones meet the frontal is referred to as the ****coronal **** suture. The parietals and the occipital meet at the ****lambdoidal **** suture. The suture between the parietals and the temporal bone is referred to as the ****squamous **** suture. These sites are the common location of ****fontanelles ****<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">or "soft spots" on a baby’s head. **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">The Skull **
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The ** [|**frontal**] **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> forms part of the cranial cavity as well as the forehead, the brow ridges and the nasal cavity. **
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The left and right ** [|**parietal**] **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> forms much of the superior and lateral portions of the cranium. **
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The left and right ** [|**temporal**] **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> form the lateral walls of the cranium as well as housing the external ear. **
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The ** [|**occipital**] **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> forms the posterior and inferior portions of the cranium. Many neck muscles attach here as this is the point of articulation with the neck. **
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The ** [|**sphenoid**] **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> forms part of the eye orbit and helps to form the floor of the cranium. **
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The ** [|**ethmoid**] **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> forms the medial portions of the orbits and the roof of the nasal cavity. **
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The ** [|**mandible**] **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> is the lower jawbone. It articulates with the temporal bones at the ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">temporomandibular ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> joints. This forms the only freely moveable joint in the head. It provides the chewing motion. **
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The left and right ** [|**maxilla**] **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> are the upper jaw bones. They form part of the nose, orbits, and roof of the mouth. **
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The left and right ** [|**palatine**] **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> form a portion of the nasal cavity and the posterior portion of the roof of the mouth. **
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The left and right ** [|**zygomatic**] **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> are the cheek bones. They form portions of the orbits as well. **
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The left and right ** [|**nasal**] **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> form the superior portion of the bridge of the nose. **
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The left and right ** [|**lacrimal**] **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> help to form the orbits. **
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The ** [|**vomer**] **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> forms part of the nasal septum (the divider between the nostrils). **

**<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">+The upper extremity consists of three parts: the ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">arm ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">, the ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">forearm ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">, and the ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">hand ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">. ** -The ** **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">sternum ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> is a flat, dagger shaped bone located in the middle of the chest. Along with the ** [|**ribs**] **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">, the sternum forms the rib cage that protects the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels from damage. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">[[image:http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/arm/wholearm.jpg width="139" height="300" caption="The Upper Extremities"]]The arm, or ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">brachium ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">, is technically only the region between the shoulder and elbow. It consists of a single long bone called the ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">humerus ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">. The humerus is the longest bone in the upper extremity. The top, or head, is large, smooth, and rounded and fits into the scapula in the shoulder. On the bottom of the humerus, are two depressions where the humerus connects to the ulna and radius of the forearm. The radius is connected on the side away from the body ( ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">lateral side ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">) and the ulna is connected on the side towards the body ( ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">medial side ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">) when standing in the anatomical position. Together, the humerus and the ulna make up the elbow. The bottom of the humerus protects the ulnar nerve and is commonly known as the "funny bone" because striking the elbow on a hard surface stimulates the ulnar nerve and produces a tingling sensation. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">The forearm is the region between the elbow and the wrist. It is formed by the radius on the lateral side and the ulna on the medial side when the forearm is viewed in the anatomical position. The ulna is longer than the radius and connected more firmly to the humerus. The radius, however, contributes more to the movement of the wrist and hand than the ulna. When the hand is turned over so that the palm is facing downwards, the radius crosses over the ulna. The top of each bone connects to the humerus of the arm and the bottom of each connects to the bones of the hand. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">The hand consists of three parts (the ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">wrist ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">, ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">palm ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">, and five ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">fingers ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">) and 27 bones. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">The wrist, or ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">carpus ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">, consists of 8 small bones called the ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">carpal ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> bones that are tightly bound by ligaments. These bone are arranged in two rows of four bones each. The top row (the row closest to the forearm) from the lateral (thumb) side to the medial side contains the ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">scaphoid ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">, ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">lunate ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">, ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">triquetral ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">, and ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">pisiform ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> bones. The second row from lateral to medial contains the ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">trapezium ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">, ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">trapezoid ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">, ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">capitate ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">, and ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">hamate ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">. The scaphoid and lunate connect to the bottom of the radius. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">The palm or ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">metacarpus ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> consists of five metacarpal bones, one aligned with each of the fingers. The metacarpal bones are not named but are numbered I to V starting with the thumb. The bases of the metacarpal bones are connected to the wrist bones and the heads are connected to the bones of the fingers. The heads of the metacarpals form the knuckles of a clenched fist. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">The fingers are made up of 14 bones called ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">phalanges ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">. A single finger bone is called a ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">phalanx ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">. The phalanges are arranged in three rows. The first row (the closest to the metacarpals) is called the ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">proximal ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> row, the second row is the ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">middle ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> row, and the farthest row is called the ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">distal ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> row. Each finger has a proximal phalanx, a middle phalanx, and a distal phalanx, except the thumb (also called the ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">pollex ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">) which does not have a middle phalanx. The digits are also numbered I to V starting from the thumb. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">[[image:http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/sternum/sternum.jpg width="226" height="234" caption="Sternum"]]The sternum is composed of three parts: **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">The ** [|**manubrim**] **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">, also called the "handle", is located at the top of the sternum and moves slightly. It is connected to the first two ribs. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">The ** [|**body**] **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">, also called the "blade" or the "gladiolus", is located in the middle of the sternum and connects the third to seventh ribs directly and the eighth through tenth ribs indirectly. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">The ** [|**xiphoid process**] **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">, also called the "tip", is located on the bottom of the sternum. It is often cartilaginous (cartilage), but does become bony in later years. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">These three segments of bone are usually fused in adults. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">The sternum serves an important function in the body. The ribs are connected to it by the costal cartilage. Without the sternum, there would be a hole in the bone structure in the middle of your chest, right above your heart and lungs. The sternum protects this vital area and completes the circle of the rib cage. **


 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">+The ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">vertebral column ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> (also called the backbone, spine, or spinal column) consists of a series of 33 irregularly shaped bones, called vertebrae. These 33 bones are divided into five categories depending on where they are located in the backbone. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">[[image:http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/backbone/back.jpg width="169" height="314" caption="Vertebral column"]]The first seven vertebrae are called the ** [|**cervical vertebrae**] **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">. Located at the top of the spinal column, these bones form a flexible framework for the neck and support the head. The first cervical vertebrae is called the atlas and the second is called the axis. The atlas' shape allows the head to nod "yes" and the axis' shape allows the head to shake "no". **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">The next twelve vertebrae are called the ** [|**thoracic vertebrae**] ** . These bones move with the ribs to form the rear anchor of the ** [|**rib cage**] **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">. Thoracic vertebrae are larger than cervical vertebrae and increase in size from top to bottom. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">After the thoracic vertebrae, come the ** [|**lumbar vertebrae**] **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">. These five bones are the largest vertebrae in the spinal column. These vertebrae support most of the body's weight and are attached to many of the back muscles. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">The ** [|**sacrum**] **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">is a triangular bone located just below the lumbar vertebrae. It consists of four or five sacral vertebrae in a child, which become fused into a single bone after age 26. The sacrum forms the back wall of the pelvic girdle and moves with it. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">The bottom of the spinal column is called the ** [|**coccyx**] **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">or tailbone. It consists of 3-5 bones that are fused together in an adult. Many muscles connect to the coccyx. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">These bones compose the vertebral column, resulting in a total of 26 movable parts in an adult. In between the vertebrae are ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">intervertebral discs ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> made of fibrous cartilage that act as shock absorbers and allow the back to move. As a person ages, these discs compress and shrink, resulting in a distinct loss of height (generally between 0.5 and 2.0cm) between the ages of 50 and 55. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">When looked at from the side, the spine forms four ** [|**curves**] **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">. These curves are called the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and pelvic curves. The ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">cervical curve ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> is located at the top of the spine and is composed of cervical vertebrae. Next come the ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">thoracic ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> and ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">lumbar curves ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> composed of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae respectively. The final curve called the ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">pelvic or sacral curve ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> is formed by the sacrum and coccyx. These curves allow human beings to stand upright and help to maintain the balance of the upper body. The cervical and lumbar curves are not present in an infant. The cervical curves forms around the age of 3 months when an infant begins to hold its head up and the lumbar curve develops when a child begins to walk. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">In addition to allowing humans to stand upright and maintain their balance, the vertebral column serves several other important functions. It helps to support the head and arms, while permitting freedom of movement. It also provides attachment for many muscles, the ribs, and some of the organs and protects the spinal cord, which controls most bodily functions. **

[|**The Thigh**] **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">The thigh is the region between the hip and the knee and is composed of a single bone called the ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">femur ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">or thighbone. The femur is the longest, largest, and strongest bone in the body. ** [|**The Leg**] **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">The leg is technically only the region from the knee to the ankle. It is formed by the ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">fibula ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> on side away from the body ( ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">lateral side ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">) and the ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">tibia ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">, also called the shin bone, on the side nearest the body ( ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">medial side ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">). The tibia connects to the femur to form the knee joint and with the talus, a foot bone, to allow the ankle to flex and extend. The tibia is larger than the fibula because it bears most of the weight, while the fibula serves as an area for muscle attachment. ** [|**The Foot**] **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">The foot, or ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">pes ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">, contains the 26 bones of the ankle, instep, and the five toes. The ankle, or ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">tarsus ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">, is composed of the 7 ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">tarsal bones ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> which correspond to the carpals in the wrist. The largest tarsal bone is called the ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">calcaneus ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> or heel bone. The ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">talus ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">rests on top of the calcaneus and is connected to the tibia. Directly in front of the talus is the ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">navicular bone ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">. The remaining bones from medial to lateral are the ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">medial ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">, ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">intermediate ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">, the ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">lateral cuneiform bones ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">, and the ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">cuboid bone ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">. ** [|**The Patella**] **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">The patella or kneecap is a large, triangular sesamoid bone between the femur and the tibia. It is formed in response to the strain in the tendon that forms the knee. The patella protects the knee joint and strengthens the tendon that forms the knee. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">-The lower extremity is composed of the bones of the ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">thigh ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">, ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">leg ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">, ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">foot ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">, and the ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">patella ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> (commonly known as the kneecap). **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">The ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">metatarsal ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> and ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">phalanges ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> bones of the foot are similar in number and position to the metacarpal and phalanges bones of the hand. The five metatarsal bones are numbered I to V starting on the medial side with the big toe. The first metatarsal bone is larger than the others because it plays a major role in supporting the body's weight. The 14 phalanges of the foot, as with the hand, are arranged in a ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">proximal ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> row, a ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">middle ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> row, and a ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">distal ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> row, with the big toe, or ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> hallux ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">, having only a proximal and distal phalanx. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">The foot's two arches are formed by the structure and arrangement of the bones and are maintained by tendons and ligaments. The arches give when weight is placed on the foot and spring back when the weight is lifted off of the foot. The arches may fall due to a weakening of the ligaments and tendons in the foot. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">The bones of the lower extremities are the heaviest, largest, and strongest bones in the body because they must bear the entire weight of the body when a person is standing in the upright position. **


 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">+The ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Shoulder Girdle ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">, also called the Pectoral Girdle, is composed of four bones: two clavicles and two scapulae . **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">[[image:http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/shoulder/shoulder.jpg width="254" height="270" caption="Shoulder Girdle"]]The ** [|**clavicle**] **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">, commonly called the collarbone, is a slender S-shaped bone that connects the upper arm to the trunk of the body and holds the shoulder joint away from the body to allow for greater freedom of movement. One end of the clavicle is connected to the sternum and one end is connected to the scapula. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">The ** [|**scapula**] **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">is a large, triangular, flat bone on the back side of the rib cage commonly called the shoulder blade. It overlays the second through seventh rib and serves as an attachment for several muscles. It has a shallow depression called the ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> glenoid cavity ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> that the head of the humerus (upper arm bone) fits into. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Usually, a "girdle" refers to something that encircles or is a complete ring. However, the shoulder girdle is an incomplete ring. In the front, the clavicles are separated by the ** [|**sternum**] **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">. In the back, there is a gap between the two scapulae. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">The primary function of the pectoral girdle is to provide an attachment point for the numerous muscles that allow the shoulder and elbow joints to move. It also provides the connection between the upper extremities (the arms) and the axial skeleton. **


 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">-The ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Pelvic Girdle ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">, also called the hip girdle, is composed to two ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">coxal ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> (hip) bones. The coxal bones are also called the ossa coxae or innominate bones. During childhood, each coxal bone consists of three separate parts: the ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> ilium ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> (denoted in purple above), the ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> ischium ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> (denoted in red above), and the ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">pubis ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> (denoted in blue above). In an adult, these three bones are firmly fused into a single bone. In the picture above, the coxal bone on the left side has been divided into its component pieces while the right side has been preserved. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">[[image:http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/pelvic/pelvis.jpg width="323" height="232" caption="Pelvic Girdle"]]In the back, these two bones meet on either side of the ** [|**sacrum**] **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">. In the front, they are connected by a muscle called the ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> pubic symphysis ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> (denoted in green above). **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">The pelvic girdle serves several important functions in the body. It supports the weight of the body from the ** [|**vertebral column**] **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">. It also protects and supports the lower organs, including the urinary bladder, the reproductive organs, and the developing fetus in a pregnant woman. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">The pelvic girdle differs between men and woman. In a man, the pelvis is more massive and the iliac crests are closer together. In a woman, the pelvis is more delicate and the iliac crests are farther apart. These differences reflect the woman's role in pregnancy and delivery of children. When a child is born, it must pass through its mother's pelvis. If the opening is too small, a cesarean section may be necessary. **


 * <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> [[image:http://www2.gvsu.edu/~schnizlk/bone111.gif width="420" height="416" caption="Bone"]] []

Types of Bone ** **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The bones of the body fall into four general categories: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Long bones are longer than they are wide and work as levers. The bones of the upper and lower extremities (ex. humerus, tibia, femur, ulna, metacarpals, etc.) are of this type. Short bones are short, cube-shaped, and found in the wrists and ankles. Flat bones have broad surfaces for protection of organs and attachment of muscles (ex. ribs, cranial bones, bones of shoulder girdle). Irregular bones are all others that do not fall into the previous categories. They have varied shapes, sizes, and surfaces features and include the bones of the vertebrae and a few in the skull. ** Types of Joints How can people make sure their body system remains healthy? <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: Arial; msolist: Ignore;">1. <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Eat a lot of <span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: 'inherit!important','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">foods <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> high in calcium:1000 to 1200 mg a day. Bones depend on calcium for strength. Dairy products such as milk and cheese are an excellent source, as are leafy vegetables such as broccoli. Certain foods such as orange juice and breakfast cereals may be fortified with calcium as well; they are labeled as such on the container. If you're lactose intolerant or don't include calcium-rich foods in your diet, consider taking calcium supplements. <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: Arial; msolist: Ignore;">2. <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Step 2 Look for foods high in Vitamin D. It helps the bones absorb calcium more readily, which improves their strength. Most types of milk sold today contain Vitamin D, as does tuna fish, salmon, egg yolks and cod liver oil. <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: Arial; msolist: Ignore;">3. <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Step 3 Exercise. Physical activity promotes strong bones, especially weight-bearing <span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-family: 'inherit!important','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">exercises <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> which help strengthen bones against the effects of gravity. Besides weightlifting and weight training, weight-bearing exercises include more moderate physical activities like running, hiking, jumping rope, and playing in organized sports <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">like soccer, basketball and tennis. Doctors suggest at least 30 minutes of exercise per day, 5 days a week. <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: Arial; msolist: Ignore;">4. <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Step 4 Wear helmets and other protective gear when you exercise. Broken bones never heal back quite as strong as they used to be. Help cut down on the risk with pads, helmets and mouth guards. This is especially important if you play a contact sport like football or rugby. <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: Arial; msolist: Ignore;">5. <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Step 5 Brush and floss your teeth twice a day. Your teeth are among the most important parts of your skeletal system; if they aren't properly cared for, they will develop cavities and similar problems. Brush regularly after meals and see your dentist twice each year for a cleaning. (http://www.ehow.com/how_5104518_keep-skeletal-system-healthy.html) Problems With Skeletal System Osteoporosis can make your bones weak and more likely to break. Osteogenesis Imperfecta makes your bones brittle which would be easier to break. Paget’s Disease of bone makes your bones weak. Bone Cancer- <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Cancer that starts in a bone is rare. Cancer that has spread to the bone from another part of the body is more common. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">There are three types of bone cancer: <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The most common symptom of bone cancer is pain. Other symptoms may vary depending on the location and size of the cancer. Surgery is often the main treatment for bone cancer. Other treatments may include amputation, chemotherapy and radiation. Many other bone diseases can be cause by poor nutrition, genetic factors, or with the rate of bone growth or rebuilding. What would happen to an individual if something went wrong with this system? Depending on what goes wrong there are various outcomes. If a person gets paget’s disease then their bones become weak and are easier to break. If a person has weak bones, which is all the less protection they have against certain organs such as the heart. If the ribcage becomes weak and a person gets into some type of accident and the bones break easier then the organs have a higher risk of being damaged. <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Most definitely a person would not be able to survive without the skeletal system. If we had no bones for our support, we would just be a blob of skin organs and blood on the ground, unable to move. There is pretty much no way that we would be able to function because human beings have to be able to move around in order to get food or water. Without bones there would be no muscles so we would be very weak and unable to do pretty much anything. It would most likely be harder for us to breathe as well because the ribcage wouldn’t be there to help push out air and expand to take in oxygen. Works Cited= []
 * <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Bone Composition **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Bones are composed of tissue that may take one of two forms. Compact or dense bone, and spongy, or cancellous, bone. Most bones contain both types. Compact bone is dense, hard, and forms the protective exterior portion of all bones. Spongy bone is inside the compact bone and is very porous (full of tiny holes). Spongy bone occurs in most bones. The bone tissue is composed of several types of ** [|**bone cells**] **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">embedded in a web of inorganic salts (mostly calcium and phosphorus) to give the bone strength, and collagenous fibers and ground substance to give the bone flexibility **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">A joint, or ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">articulation ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">, is the place where two bones come together. There are three types of joints classified by the amount of movement they allow: immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Immovable joints are ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">synarthroses ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">. In this type of joint, the bones are in very close contact and are separated only by a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue. An example of a synarthrosis is the suture in the skull between skull bones. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Slightly movable joints are called ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">amphiarthroses ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">. This type of joint is characterized by bones that are connected by hyaline cartilage (fibro cartilage). The ribs that connect to the sternum are an example of an amphiarthrosis joint. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Most of the joints in the adult human body are freely movable joints. This type of joint is called a ****<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">diarthrosis ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> joint. There are six types of diarthroses joints. These are: **
 * <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Ball-and-Socket ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">: The ball-shaped end of one bone fits into a cup shaped socket on the other bone allowing the widest range of motion including rotation. Examples include the shoulder and hip. **
 * <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Condyloid ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">: Oval shaped condyle fits into elliptical cavity of another allowing angular motion but not rotation. This occurs between the metacarpals (bones in the palm of the hand) and phalanges (fingers) and between the metatarsals (foot bones excluding heel) and phalanges (toes). **
 * <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Saddle ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">: This type of joint occurs when the touching surfaces of two bones have both concave and convex regions with the shapes of the two bones complementing one other and allowing a wide range of movement. The only saddle joint in the body is in the thumb. **
 * <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Pivot ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">: Rounded or conical surfaces of one bone fit into a ring of one or tendon allowing rotation. An example is the joint between the axis and atlas in the neck. **
 * <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Hinge ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">: A convex projection on one bone fits into a concave depression in another permitting only flexion and extension as in the elbow joints. **
 * <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Gliding ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">: Flat or slightly flat surfaces move against each other allowing sliding or twisting without any circular movement. This happens in the carpals in the wrist and the tarsals in the ankle. **
 * Osteosarcoma - develops in growing bones, usually between ages 10 and 25
 * Chondrosarcoma - starts in cartilage, usually after age 50
 * Ewing's sarcoma - begins in nerve tissue in bone marrow of young people, often after treatment of another condition with radiation or chemotherapy